This badge shows that you're either a student or an academics. To get it you need to register with your .edu email address.

The lightning badge means you're really active on the website, either through Project reviews, or in the Forums, or via Personnal Messaging.

The star badge, perhaps the most valuable of all, represents your ability to find and support (through fan status and reviews) the top projects early in their life.

Finally, the dollar badge shows that you have discussed investing with some project admins, and they've recognized you as a potential investor.